(塑性加工模拟及自动控制)TextBookMaterials2016（考试重点）.doc

Simulations of plastic processing: elasto-plastic deformation Part 1: tensors and continuum mechanics 张量和连续介质力学 In continuum mechanics, matter is continuously distributed inside the space, and the mater movement and distribution in space are modeled. In this material science class, we study the internal stresses and strain inside solids, so it is also called solid mechanics. The body of material is a deformable solid, it is a continuum. To apply the equations of continuum mechanics, the stress (or forces) and the strain (deformation) must also be continuous and derivable functions (derivable in time and space). The body is sub-divided into infinitesimal elements, and we study the behavior (stress and strain) of each element of the material, and how the forces and displacement are transmitted between the elements. Each material element can have different properties and mechanical response. In solid mechanics, some forces P are applied on the solid, and the solid is in a quasi-static equilibrium, i.e. it does not accelerate. The kinetic effects (speed) are not considered. Equilibrium of forces and momentum (if 3 external forces): , with the momentum computed in O of the force Pi applied in Ai. To study the material behavior, it is necessary to evaluate the internal forces. To evaluate the internal forces on a plane, the body is virtually cut by a plane related to a referential (basis) and the forces applied on this plane are expressed in the referential whose 1 direction is normal to the virtual plane. Definition: A stress is a force per unit surface. By convention the plane normal is directed out of the element. So a compression stress is negative. On the face normal to x, the unit surface of the element is dS=dy×dz; the relationship between the local stress and the total Force on the plane normal to is: ∫S σr×dS = ∫y∫z σr×dy×dz = -Fr Definition: the stress tensor σ describes the stress states applied on a material element. The component σij is the stress a