数据通信与网络09-错误检测与纠正-3.ppt

第九章 错误检测与纠正 9.1 Types of errors 9.2 Error detection 9.3 Error correction 9.4 Summary Introduction Any time data are transmitted from one node to the next, they can become corrupted in passage. Some applications require that errors be detected and corrected. Error detection and correction are implemented either at the data link layer or the transport layer of the OSI model. 9.1 Types of Errors 9.1.1 Single-bit error A single-bit error is when only one bit in the data unit has changed. 9.1.2 Multiple-Bit Error 9.1.3 Burst error 9.1.3 Burst error 突发差错大多发生在串行传输时。 ～通常噪声持续时间比位持续时间长，这就是说当噪声影响数据时就会影响一组比特。 影响的位数依赖于数据速率和噪声持续时间。 例如，如果发送数据速率是1Kbps ,1/100s的噪声将影响10个比特;如果速率是1Mbps，同样的噪声影响10000个比特。 9.2 Error Detection(错误检测) In error detection, we are looking only to see if any error has occurred. The answer is a simple yes or no. We are not even interested in the number of errors. A single-bit error is the same for us as a burst error. 9.2.1 Redundancy The central concept in detecting or correcting errors is redundancy. To be able to detect or correct errors, we need to send some extra bits with our data. These redundant bits are added by the sender and removed by the receiver. Their presence allows the receiver to detect or correct corrupted bits. Using redundant bits to check the accuracy of a data unit 9.2.1 Redundancy 9.2.2 VRC (Vertical Redundancy Check) VRC(垂直冗余校验)often called parity check (奇偶校验): odd parity or even parity In this technique, a redundant bit, called a parity bit(校验位), is appended to every data unit so that the total number of 1s in the unit become either even or odd. VRC can detect all single-bit errors. It can detect multiple-bit or burst error only if the total number of errors is odd. Even parity VRC concept 9.2.3 LRC (Longitudinal Redundancy Check) A better approach is the two-dimensional parity check. In this method, the data word is organized in a table (rows and columns). 在纵向冗余校验中，将一个数据块划分成几行，并将校验位组成的冗余行添加到整个数据块中。 LRC (Longitu