免疫学教学课件-2-immunology lecture.pptxVIP

免疫细胞;提纲;Immune cells;The Immune System;;Major alternative fate branch points for B and T cell precursors;;;;Annual Reviews;Annual Reviews;Positive and negative selection MHC restricted and nonself-reactive;;;;Nature Reviews in Immunology, 2016 ;;;T cell CD4:辅助T细胞; 识别MHC II +peptide CD8:杀伤性T细胞;识别 MHC I + peptide;T cell populations during development and in the lymphoid tissue;T 细胞发育面临的主要问题： ;22;T cell development and selection in thymus;T cell development and selection in thymus;AIRE enforces central tolerance towards self-antigens;;Characteristics of thymic epithelial cells (TECs);Re-establish immune tolerance： Treating organ rejection and autoimmune diseases;;30;Double negative cells appear in the fetal thymus before double positive cells;Thymocytes at different developmental stages are found in distinct parts of the thymus;Thymocytes;Most cells fail to complete thymocyte maturation ;T cell development involves the sequential generation, assembly and testing of the newly rearranged TCR ;36;37;Figure 5-6 part 2 of 3;39;40;Allows a 2nd rearrangement if 1st is nonproductive;42;43;44;45;46;47;48;10%;50;51;52;;;B 细胞发育面临的主要问题： ;B cell development and differentiation;B cell development;A schematic view of the anatomy of the spleen;B cell development;B cell development;B cell development;;GC anatomy and cell types;Models for germinal center (GC) competition.;Proposed model for affinity-based selection in the GC;Role of lymphotoxin α1β2-expressing B cells in lymphoid organ development and function ;;;Functional Breg effector differentiation and regulatory mechanisms;Highlights in Breg research;Markers for human and mouse Bregs;;Role of cytokine‐producing B cells in the polarization of CD4+ T cells;A a result of V(D)J recombination every mature B cell expresses a unique antibody. Encounter with an antigen leads to clonal expansion of B cells with a particular specificity.;;;How can a B cell clone produce antibodies with the identical antigen binding site but different con