土木工程外文翻译---抗震钢筋混凝土结构设计原则.docx

附　录Seismology Civil EngineeringSEISMIC RESISTANT REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES-DESIGN PRINCIPLESSUMMARY:Earthquakes cause considerable economic losses.It is possible to minimize the economic loses by proper seismic design.In this paper basic principles for seismic design are summarized.There are three basic requirements to be satisfied;(a)strength,(b)ductility and(c)stiffness.In the paper these are briefly discussed.In the second part of the paper the author summarizes his views on the damages observed in the past earthquakes.He concludes that most of the damages have been due to,(a)bad configuration,(b)inadequate detailing and(c)inadequate supervision.In the paper these are discussed,pointing out the common mistakes made and damages observed as a result of these mistakes.In the last part of the paper some simple recommendations are made for producing seismic resistant reinforced concrete structures,emphasizing on detailing and proportioning.Key Words:Seismicresistance,reinforced concrete.1.INTRODUCTIONEvery year more than 300 000 earthquakes occur on the earth.Many of these are of small intensity and do not cause any damage to our structures.However,earthquakes of larger intensity in the vicinity of populated areas cause considerable damage and loss of life.It is estimated that on the average 15000 people have been killed each year throughout the world because of earthquakes.Since ancient times mankind has sought ways and means of minimizing the damage caused by earthquakes.The great masters of the art of building have been able to build structures which have withstood many severe earthquakes for centuries.Magnificent mosques and bridges in the Middle East built by our ancestors are still in service,These masters did not know seismic analysis,but were able to evaluate past experience with their excellent engineering intuition and judgement.Mosques,bridges and schools(Medrese)built by Sinan in Istanbul and Edirne are not only beautiful,but are also engineering mast