麻醉的诊断测试（英文）.pptVIP

Diagnostic Testing Pulse Oximetry Peak Expiratory Flow Testing Pulmonary Function Testing End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring Laboratory Testing of Blood Arterial Venous Causes of Hypoxemia Environment lower partial pressure of atmospheric O2 Transport inadequate hemoglobin level in blood hemoglobin bound by other gas Medical ? pulm alveolar membrane distance pneumonia, pulmonary edema, COPD Causes of Hypoxemia Traumatic Reduced surface area for gas exchange pneumothorax, hemothorax, atelectasis Decreased mechanical effort pain, traumatic asphyxiation, hypoventilation sucking chest wound, obstruction Pathologic Causes of Airway and/or Ventilatory Compromise Obstruction of the Airway Tongue most common snoring reposition airway Foreign Body partial or complete choking, gagging, stridor, aphonia, dysphonia Pathologic Causes of Airway and/or Ventilatory Compromise Laryngeal Spasm or Edema Spasmotic closure of vocal cords stimulation with intact gag reflex edema results in narrowed airway epiglottitis, anaphylaxis Treatment calming ventilation muscle relaxants Pathologic Causes of Airway and/or Ventilatory Compromise Fractured Larynx decreased airway size laryngeal edema increased ventilatory effort Aspiration increased mortality destroys bronchiolar tissue increased risk of infection increases pulm alveolar membrane distance Assessment Recognition of Airway Ventilatory Compromise Respiratory Difficulty Distress Upper or lower obstruction Inadequate ventilation rate or depth Impaired ventilatory muscles Impaired ventilatory stimulation system Assessment Recognition of Airway Ventilatory Compromise Dyspnea (rate, regularity or effort) May be result of or result in hypoxia hypoxia lack of oxygen available lack of oxygen to tissues anoxia = total absence Assessment Recognition of Airway Ventilatory Compromise Visual Assessment Position tripod orthopnea Rise Fall of chest Audible gasping, stridor, or wheezes Obvious pulm edema (fulminant) Visual Assessment Skin color Flaring