陈可风论文.docVIP

第一段 1.During the severe crises which terminated in the violent deaths of Tiberius Gracchus, Gaius Gracchus and Saturninus with their companions in 133, 121, and 100B.C .respectively , the Senate developed a drastic measure of crisis management , i.e. the senatus consultum ultimum.—— 以分别于公元前133，121和100年Tiberius Gracchus,Gaius Gracchus,Saturninus 及其同伴的暴死而终结的严重危机期间，元老院发出了一个紧急处理危机的措施，即：元老院紧急状态令。 2. Its literal meaning was the supreme resolution of the Senate , but actually , it was an emergency measure issued by the Senate in the name of defending the commonwealth .—— 其字面意思是元老院最高决议，事实上，它是一项由元老院以保卫共和国的名义发布的紧急法令。 3. Its effectiveness simply derived from the assertion that the commonwealth , or to be more accurate , the domestic political order , was in jeopardy .—— 其有效性仅仅来自于「共和国（或者更准确地来说是国内政治秩序）陷入危机」这样的一种宣称。 4. Though it was repeatedly used in domestic conflicts and played an important role in the political life of the late Roman Republic , its legality was none the less argued by the contemporaries .—— 尽管它在国内冲突中被反复使用，并且在罗马共和国晚期政治生活中扮演了重要角色，然而其合理性倍受同时代人争议。 5. In fact it deviated from the basic principle of the constitution and only offered the optimates or the advantageous party in the partisan struggles a plausible law base for the massacre of the opponents .—— 事实上它偏离了宪政的基本原则，仅仅提供给贵族或党政中占优势的一方屠杀对手的法律基础。 6. It can be said that the emergence of the senatus consultum ultimum is a symbol of the decline of the traditional constitution .—— 可以说元老院紧急状态令的出现是传统宪政衰败的象征。 7.From then on the Roman res publica increasingly became an arena of force , though its outward from still existed for more than a century .—— 此后罗马共和国日益成为暴力的竞技场。尽管它的外在形式仍然存在了一个多世纪。 第二段 1. In De Re Publica and De Legibus , Cicero expounded systematically the Roman constitution .—— 在《论共和国》和《论法律》中，西赛罗系统地阐述了罗马宪政。 2. Although he received Polybius idea about its composition , regarding it as a balanced mixture of the three fundamental essences, kingship, aristocracy and democracy ; yet the Senate was placed at the core of