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B.Ramamurthy Multiprocessor and Real-Time Scheduling Bina Ramamurthy Chapter 10 CSE421 Introduction When a computer system contains more than a single processor, several new issues are introduced into the design of scheduling functions. We will examine these issues and the details of scheduling algorithms for tightly coupled multi-processor systems. Topics for discussion Granularity of computation Design issues Assignment of processes to processors Multiprogramming on individual processors Actual dispatching of a process Real-time systems Characteristics Real-time scheduling Rate-monotonic scheduling (RMS) Granularity The main purpose of having multiple processors is to realize____________________? Applications exhibit parallelism at various levels. There are at least five categories of parallelism that differ in the degree of granularity. Fine grain parallelism: Parallelism inherent in a single inst. stream. usually does not involve the OS but done at compilation stage. High data dependency == high frequency of synch. reqd. Granularity Medium grain: Potential parallelism of an application can be implemented by multiple threads in a single process. High degree of coordination among the threads. Usually programmer specifies the parallelism in the design. Coarse grain: Multiprocessing of concurrent processes in a multiprogramming environment :Example : Prj2. Very coarse grain: When the synchronization needed is not so frequent the processes can be distributed among network nodes to form a single computing environment. Example: CORBA standard for distributed system Independent parallelism: Multiple unrelated processes. Design Issues Assignment of processes to processors. Use of multiprogramming on individual processors. Actual dispatching of a process. Process/processor Assignment Master/slave assignment: Kernel functions always run on a particular processor. Other processors execute user processes. Advantage: Resource conflict resolution simplified since single proc