原子核英文课件.ppt

The Nucleus Some nuclear properties Structure of the nucleus The nuclear force The masses of the nuclides The binding energy Nuclear reaction Alpha, beta and gamma radiation Radioactive decay Fission Fusion Some words Nucleus, Nuclei Nuclide (核素) Binding energy Nuclear reaction Alpha, beta and gamma radiation Radioactive decay Fission Fusion Isotope mass spectrograph protons, neutrons Quake Mass defect The composition of the nucleus There are two types of nuclear particles (nucleons) known to exist within the nucleus. Protons: mp=1.6726E-27kg, positive charge, Neutrons: mn=1.6749E-27kg, neutral, The number of protons present in any nucleus is called the atomic number and is denoted by Z. Elements in the periodic table are simply arranged in ascending order of atomic number. The total number of protons and neutrons is referred to as the atomic mass number A. The symbol of a nucleus is given by: ZMA or AZM. Isotopes Isotopes: Nuclei with the same value of Z but with different values of A are referred to as isotopes. Or they have the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons. For example: 126C(98.9%), 137C(1.10%) Mass spectrograph (质谱仪): An instrument used to measure the nuclear mass. It is based on the principle of deflecting positive ions in a magnetic field and inferring the mass of the nucleus from the radius of curvature of the track. Quakes The nucleons are also composites, and contain objects called quakes. Hadrons (强子) are particles that interact with each other via the strong nuclear forces. Mesons （介子）, particles with integer spins, Baryons（重子）, particles with half-integer spins Strong nuclear forces Strong nuclear forces are short ranged and become zero at distances greater than a few femtometers (10-15 m). Nuclear forces are much stronger than electrical forces. The nuclear force is attractive at the average inter-nucleon separation. Nuclear forces do not depend on the electrical charge. p-p, p-n, n-n, For a nucleus to be stable, t