冯友兰中国哲学简史中英文版之第二十六章新儒家：心学.doc

CHAPTER 26 NEO-CONFUCIANISM: THE SCHOOL OF UNIVERSAL MIND ? 第二十六章　新儒家：心学As we have seen in chapter twenty-four, the Lu-Wang school, also known as the Hsin hslieh or Mind school, was initiated by Cheng Hao and completed by Lu Chiu-yüan and Wang Shou-jen. Lu Chiu-yuan (1139-1193), popularly known as the Master of Hsiang-shan, was a native of the present Kiangsi province. He and Chu Hsi were friends, despite their widely divergent philosophic views. Their verbal and written debates on major philosophical problems evoked great interest in their day.第二十四章已经说过，陆王学派，也称“心学”，由程颢开创，由陆九渊、王守仁完成。陆九渊（1139—1193年），人称象山先生，今江西省人。他与朱熹是朋友，但是他们的哲学思想在各方面都有分歧。他们围绕重大哲学问题，进行了口头的、书面的争论，引起当时人们的极大兴趣。 Lu Chiu-yuan s Conception of the MindBoth Lu Chiu-yuan and Wang Shou-jen are said to have become convinced of the truth of their ideas as a result of experiencing Sudden Enlightenment. One day, it is said, Lu was reading an ancient book in which he came upon the two words ytt and chou. An expositor remarked: What comprises the four points of the compass together with what is above and below: this is called yti. What comprises past, present, and future: this is called chou. Thereupon Lu Chiu-yüan experienced an instantaneous enlightenment and said: All affairs within the universe come within the scope of my duty; the scope of my duty includes all affairs within the universe. (Lu Hsiang-shan Chüan-chi or Collected Works of Lu Hsiang-shan,,chüan 33.) And on another occasion he said: The universe is my mind; my mind is the universe. (Ibid., chüan 36.)陆九渊的“心”的概念 据说陆九渊、王守仁二人都亲自经验过顿悟，然后对于他们的思想的真理价值，坚信不疑。陆九渊有一天“读古书至宇宙二字，解者曰：‘四方上下曰宇，往古来今曰宙。’忽大省曰：‘宇宙内事，乃己分内事；己分内事，乃宇宙内事。”（《象山全集》卷三十三）又尝曰：“宇宙便是吾心，吾心即是宇宙。”（同上，卷三十六） Whereas Chu Hsi endorses Cheng Yi s saying that the nature is Li, Lu Chiu-yuan replies that the mind is Li. (Collected Works,chuan 12.) The two sayings differ only by one word, yet in them lies the fundamental division between the two schools. As we have seen in the last chapter, the