人因提纲精品教学（清华大学）chapter 4.docxVIP

ErgonomicsChapter 4 Text, graphics, symbols and codesWhat is human factors?Humans, other elements of the systemApplying theory, principles, data, and other methods to design to optimizeHuman well-beingOverall system performanceScope of humans:Physical ergonomics/ cognitive ergonomics/ organizational ergonomicsTwo types of photoreceptors: rods and conesCones: function at high levels of illumination and can differentiate between colors. Without cones, we cannot see any color at all.Rods: function at low levels of illumination. They can only differentiate between shades of black and white.Eyes v.s. camera:Focus speed/ film sensitivityAccommodation（调视）: the ability of the lens of the eye to focus the light rays on the retina（视网膜）.Near point: the closest point to which the eyes can focus./ far point: beyond far point, the eyes cannot focus.Diopters:屈光度1 diopters is equal to 1/target distance in meters (m)1D=1m, 2D=0.5mThe more powerful the lens透镜镜片, the higher the diopters and the more the lens is able to bend light.Visual acuity(敏锐): the ability to discriminate fine detail and depends largely on the accommodation of the eyes.Minimum separate acuityVisual angel (VA) = 3438*H/DH: the height of a stimulus or detail. D: the distance from the eye.Visual Acuity = 1/VA subtended by the smallest detail that can be distinguishedSnellen acuity: 20/20“Normal” acuity is usually taken to be 1.0, but depends on the type of target used.Other types of acuity: vernier acuityminimum perceptible acuity: the ability to detect a spot from its backgroundminimum separate acuitystereoscopic acuity （立体视锐度）:the ability to differentiate the different images, or pictures, received by the retinas of the two eyes of a single object that has depth.Contrast sensitivity: difference in lightness between the black-and-white barsModulation contrast (对比度):Spatial frequency: number of bars per nit distance.Threshold contrast (对比界限): the level of contrast for seeing the bars.Contrast sensitivity = 1/threshol