人因提纲精品教学（清华大学）Lecture 3-Auditory, tactile and olfactory displays.pdfVIP

Auditory, tactual, and olfactory display Chapter 6, Human Factors in Engineering and Design, by Sanders and McCormick Content • Nature of Sound • Anatomy of Ears and Hearing Sensation • Auditory Displays – Warning and Alarms – Aids for the blinds • Cutaneous sensation and tactual displays • Olfactory displays Chapter 6: Auditory, tactual and 2011/2/24 2 olfactory displays Nature and Measurement of Sound • Frequency – Expressed in Hertz (Hz) (cycles/second) – It is essentially pitch • Middle C= 256 Hz • An octave has double the frequency of the one below it. – The human ear is sensitive to frequencies in the range of 20 to 20,000 Hz. – Pitch, frequency, and intensity • Complex sounds produced by musical instruments are very stable in perceived pitch regardless of their intensity Chapter 6: Auditory, tactual and 2011/2/24 3 olfactory displays Nature and Measurement of Sound • Intensity – Major influencing factor on loudness – Defined in terms of power per unit area • bel (B), decibel (dB) – Sound pressure level (in decibels, dB) Sound Pressure Level (db) = 20 log (P /P ) 1 0 P : the pressure of sound wave to measure 1 P : reference level, normally 20 μN/m2 0 Chapter 6: Auditory, tactual and 2011/2/24