语言学教程-chapter6.pptVIP

认知语言学 含义 渊源 基本理论 应用 What is Cognition? Mental processes, information processing Mental process or faculty of knowing, including awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment. Cognitive Linguistics Cognition is the way we think. Cognitive linguistics is the scientific study of the relation between the way we communicate and the way we think. It is an approach to language that is based on our experience of the world and the way we perceive and conceptualize it. 含义： Categorization （范畴化）：The process of classifying our experiences into different categories based on commonalities and differences 范畴：指事物在认知中的归类 层次： basic level superordinate level subordinate level. Basic Category （基本范畴） 含义： 特征 superordinate Category 含义 subordinate Category 含义 Basic level Superordinate level Animal Horse Dog Cat Chihuahua German dachshund shepherdSubordinate level Vertical organization 原型理论 Prototypes：the best examples of a category 作用 原形范畴的特点： 成员之间享有家族相似性 成员之间的地位不是平等的，具有中心成员和边缘成员之分 行为 事件范畴 含义 也符合原型理论 例子：lie white lie 也包含三个层次 例子：move-walk-limp，hobble，amble，wander 例子：meal-breakfast-fast breakfast Image Schema（意象图式） Johnson, Mark. 1987.The body in the mind: The bodily basis of meaning, imagination, and reason. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 世界 认知的两个层面 事物 认识事物 范畴 其关系 认识其关系 意象图式 含义： An image-schema is a “skeletal” mental representation of a recurrent pattern of embodied (especially spatial or kinesthetic) experience. 意象图式是在对事物之间基本关系的认知的基础上所构成的认知结构 类型： Center-periphery schema Involves a physical or metaphorical core and edge, and degrees of distance from the core. Examples (English): An individual’s social sphere, with family and friends at the core and others having degrees of peripherality Containment schema Involves a physical or metaphorical Bodily experience: human bodies as containers. Structural elements: interior, boundary,