清华大学生物化学氨基酸分解和尿素生成PPT.pptxVIP

Chapter 18Amino Acid Oxidation and the Production of Urea;1. The surplus amino acids in animals can be completely oxidized or converted to other storable fuels ;2. Dietary proteins are digested into amino acids in the gastrointestinal tract;Part of the human digestive (gastrointestinal) tract;3. The amino groups and the carbon skeletons of amino acids take separate but interconnected pathways;Overview of catabolism of amino groups in vertebrate liver*****;Excretory form of nitrogen;Different aminotransferases catalyze the transfer of the amino group from an amino acid to a-ketoglutarate to form Glu and a a-keto acid ;5. PLP facilitates the transamination and other transformations of amino acids;PLP is bound covalently to the active sites of aminotransferases through Schiff-base linkage.;PLP bound to aspartate aminotransferase;Active site of aspartate aminotransferase;The reaction occurs via a typical ping-pong mechanism: the first product leaves before the second substrate enters. An interconversion between an aldimine（醛亚胺) and a ketimine（酮亚胺）is proposed to occur via a quinonoid（醌型的） intermediate during the transamination reaction. PLP act in a variety of other reactions at the a, b, and g carbons of amino acids, including racemizations, decarboxylations at the a carbon, elimination and replacement reactions at the b and g carbons. ;6. Glutamate collects and delivers free ammonia to the liver ;Ammonia transport in the form of glutamine;7. Alanine transports ammonia from muscle to the liver; Glucose-alanine cycle;Cori cycle;8. Gln and Glu releases NH4+ in liver mitochondria;Oxidative deamination;9. NH4+ in hepatocytes is converted into urea in most terrestrial vertebrates for excretion;Ornithine（鸟氨酸), acting as the carrier of the carbon and nitrogen atoms, has a role similar to that of oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle. The urea cycle spans the mitochondria and cytosol. Four phosphoanhydride bonds (equivalent to four ATP molecules) are hydrolyzed for the