生物化学原理教学（杨荣武）Chapter21 Digestion and absorption of biomacromolecules.pptVIP

Outline Digestion and Absorption of Sugars Digestion and Absorption of Lipids Digestion and Absorption of Proteins Digestion and Absorption of Nucleic Acids Digestion and Absorption of Sugars Digestion of starch involves the hydrolysis of the bonds between the glucose molecules. Two classes of hydrolytic enzymes are required: amylases and oligo- and disaccharidases Monosaccharides are transported across the luminal surface of the enterocytes that line the microvilli. There are two transporter systems: one for glucose and galactose, which is dependent upon Na+ ions, and the other for fructose, which does not require Na+ ions Digestion and Absorption of Lipids Emulsification Hydrolysis Micelle formation Chylomicron formation Chylomicron secretion Emulsification Fat hydrolysis Micelle formation Chylomicron formation Protein digestion occurs in two stages: endopeptidases catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within the protein molecule to form peptides, and the peptides are hydrolysed to form the amino acids by exopeptidases and dipeptidases. Amino acids and some small peptides are absorbed into the enterocytes in the jejunum. The transport of amino acids from the lumen into the cell is an active process, coupled to the transport of Na+ ions down a concentration gradient. There are at least five carrier systems with different amino acid specificities: neutral amino acids; neutral plus basic amino acids; imino acids and glycine; basic amino acids; acidic amino acids. Digestion and Absorption of Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are hydrolyzed in a stepwise manner, by pancreatic nuclease which hydrolyze the 3,5 -phosphodiester bonds in RNA and DNA. The resultant oligoribonucleotides and oligodeoxy ribonucleotides are hydrolyzed to form NMP, which lose their phosphate to form nucleosides, by the action of pancreatic phosphatase Nucleosides are absorbed into the enterocyte by nucleoside transporters and are then transferred to the interstitial space and into the blood. They