中山大学《生物化学》蔡卫斌：核酸的结构与功能-caiwb.pptVIP

* The forces stabilizing the DNA double helix can be overcome by heating the DNA in solution or by treating it with very high or very low pH (low pH will also damage the DNA, whereas high pH will simply separate the polynucleotide chains). When the strands of DNA separate, the DNA is said to be denatured (when high temperature is used to denature DNA, the DNA is said to be melted). Because some of the forces stabilizing the DNA double helix are contributed by base pairing interactions, and because A-T base pairs have only two hydrogen bonds in contrast to G-C base pairs which have three hydrogen bonds, regions of the DNA duplex that are A-T rich will denature first. Once denaturation has begun, there is a cooperative unwinding of the double helix that ultimately results in complete strand separation. * Deoxyribonucleases (or DNases) are enzymes that cleave phosphodiester bonds. Some are used for constructive purposes, such as proofreading during DNA replication, whereas others are used to degrade DNA. There are two basic classes of DNases: exonucleases and endonucleases. Exonucleases remove only the terminal nucleotide, whereas endonucleases cleave anywhere within the DNA double helix. 18S rRNA的二级结构 四、其他非编码RNA参与基因表达的调控 长链非编码RNA（long non-coding RNA, lncRNA）,长度大于200nt 非编码RNA（ Non-coding RNA, ncRNA） 不编码蛋白质但具有重要生物学功能的RNA分子。 短链（小）非编码RNA（small non-coding RNA, sncRNA），一般长度小于200nt 非编码RNA主要功能 参与转录调控、RNA的剪切和修饰、mRNA的稳定和翻译调控、蛋白质的稳定和转运、染色体的形成和结构稳定等细胞重要功能 。 lncRNA 功能 lncRNA在结构上类似于mRNA，但序列中不存在开放读框。许多已知的lncRNAs由RNA聚合酶Ⅱ转录并经可变剪切形成，通常被多聚腺苷酸化。lncRNA具有复杂的生物学功能，并与一些疾病的发病机制密切相关。有的lncRNA能使基因沉默，有的则激活基因的表达。 核内小RNA 核仁小RNA 胞质小RNA 催化性小RNA 小干涉 RNA 微 RNA 短链非编码RNA亦称为非编码小RNA（small non-coding RNA） 核内小RNA（small nuclear RNA, snRNA）位于细胞核内。snRNA有5种，分别称为U1、U2、U4、U5、U6，它们与多种蛋白形成复合体，参与真核细胞hnRNA的内含子加工剪接（第十六章）。 核仁小RNA（small nucleolar RNA, snoRNA）：定位于核仁，主要参与rRNA的加工和修饰，如rRNA中核糖C-2?的甲基化修饰。 胞质小RNA（small cytoplasmic RNA, scRNA）：存在于细胞质中，参与形成信号识别颗粒，引导含有信号肽的蛋白质进入内质网定位合成（第十七章）。 催化性小RNA亦被称为核酶（riboz