这个只是我个人的一个总结罢了,如果有不对的地方,.docxVIP

第一部分：argument的结构? ? ?这个只是我个人的一个总结罢了，如果有不对的地方，希望大家给我指出来。 ? ? ?1、一般传统的argument结构是，premise-premise-conclusion,或者premise-premise-premise-conclusion。这类结构比较容易认识，一般最后一句话就是结论，或者由于一些像hence,therefore等单词引导。比如： ?Vague laws set vague limits on people’s freedom, which makes it impossible for them to know for certain whether their actions are legal. Thus, under vague laws people cannot feel secure.? 这个结构就是：premise: vague laws set vague limits on peoples freedom? ? ? ? ? ? ?premise: which makes it impossible for them to know for certain whether their action are legal? ? ? ? ? ? ?conclusion: thus, under vague laws people cannot feel secure.? ? ? ?还有就是一种是四句式的，第一句往往给你介绍一个事物的背景。比如： ?The retina scanner, a machine that scans the web of tiny blood vessels in the retina, stores information about the pattern informed by the blood vessels. This information allows it to recognize any pattern it has previously scanned. No two eyes have identical patterns of blood vessels in the retina. A retina scanner can therefore be used successfully to determine for any person whether it has ever scanned a retina of that person before.? ? ? ?这里，premise 1：the retina scanner, a machine that scans the web fo tiny blood vessels int he restina, stores information about the pattern informed by the blood vessels.就是介绍背景的。这样的结构很多，往往是第一句介绍某个理论或者一些人对于某件事情的看法，基于什么原因，然后陈述的是另外一批人发现了新的、不一样的理论，然后得出不同的结论。比如： ?Marine biologists have long thought that variation in the shell color of aquatic snails evolved as a protective camouflage against birds and others predators. Brown shells seem to be more frequent when the underlying seafloor is dark-colored and white shells more frequent when the underlying seafloor is light-colored. A new theory has been advanced, however, that claims that shell color is related to physiological stress associated with heat absorption. According to this theory, brown shells will be more prevalent in areas where the wave action of the sea is great and thus heat absorption from the Sun is minimized, wh