hope an individual motive for social commerce英文文献.pdfVIP

Group Dynamics : Theory, Research, and Practice Copyright 1997 by the Educational Publishing Foundation 1997, Vol. I,No . 2,107-11 8 1089-2699/97/$3.00 Hope: An Individual Motive for Social Commerce C. R. Snyder, Jennifer Cheavens, and Susie C. Sympson University of Kansas The authors suggest that people of all ages are goal oriented and that 2 related thought processes typically accompany this goal-related thinking. First, there are pathway thoughts, which tap the perceived capability to generate 1 or more workable routes to desired goals. Second, there are agentic thoughts, which reflect the perception that one can initiate and sustain movement toward a goal along the given pathways. Together, pathway and agentic goal-directed thinking define hope in the present model. After describing how hope develops, the self-report instruments for measuring hope in children and adults are reviewed. How hope is sustained in the context of larger groups is explored, and the importance of shared goals as the foundation of communal hope is described. In recent decades , th e fabric of U.S . society Indeed, for the past decade, we have used hope ha s been woven by individual strand s of as a central concept for conducting research as self-interest and narcissistic concerns . Not well as individual and group psychotherapy. On surprisingly, therefore , psychology to o ha s the basis of our laboratory and applied efforts, explored sel