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An Introduction to Antenna Test Ranges, Measurements and
Instrumentation
The basic principles of antenna test and measurement are discussed along with an introduction
to various range geometries, and instrumentation.
By
Jeffrey A. Fordham
Microwave Instrumentation Technologies, LLC.
Introduction
By definition, all of todays wireless communication systems contain one key element, an antenna of some form. This antenna
serves as the transducer between the controlled energy residing within the system and the radiated energy existing in free
space. In designing wireless systems, engineers must choose an antenna that meets the systems requirements to firmly close
the link between the remote points of the communications system. While the forms that antennas can take on to meet these
system requirements for communications systems are nearly limitless, most antennas can be specified by a common set of
performance metrics.
Antenna Performance Metrics
In order to satisfy the system requirements and choose a suitable antenna, system engineers must evaluate an antennas
performance. Typical metrics used in evaluating an antenna includes the input impedance, polarization, radiation efficiency,
directivity, gain and radiation pattern.
Input Impedance
Input impedance is the parameter which relates the antenna to its transmission line. It is of primary importance in determining
the transfer of power from the transmission line to the antenna and vice versa. The impedance match between the antenna and
the transmission line is usually expressed in terms of the standing wave ratio (SWR) or the reflection coefficient of the antenna
when connected to a transmission line of a given impedance. The reflection co
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