儿科学精品课件：Pediatric Renal Diseases.pdfVIP

Pediatric Renal Diseases Developmental and Physiological Aspects 1.Urine volume: Newborns 1~3 ml/kg/h 3~10 d 100~300 ml/d ~2 m 250~400 ml/d ~1 y 400~500 ml/d ~3 y 500~600 ml/d ~5 y 600~800 ml/d ~8 y 600~1000 ml/d ~14 y 800~1400 ml/d 14 y 1000~1600 ml/d ▲Oliguria (low urine output): Newborns 1ml/kg/h 2 Infant infancy 200ml/m /d 2 Pre-school age 300ml/m /d 2 School age 400ml/m /d 2 ▲Anuria: 50 ml/m /d (newborns 0.5 ml/kg/h) 2. Urine test 2.1. Urine color—normally yellow, color changes may be normal or abnormal. 2.2. PH: normal range 5~7 2.3. Specific gravity: newborns – 1.006~1.008 , 1 year old – 1.011~1.025. 2.4. Urinalysis – freshly collected and centrifugal urine ●RBC 3/hpf ●WBC 5/hpf ●Casts–cellular (RBC, WBC) and granular casts are abnormal, hyaline casts can be normal. ●Crystals – phosphate and urate crystals may be normal ●Protein(Pro) – negative ●Sugar (Glu) ●Ketones (Ket) ●Urobilinogen (Uro) ●Bilirubin (Bil) 3. Addis count: RBC 50,0000, WBC1,000,000, Casts 5000 4. 2 less than 100 mg/m /d, 2 or 4 mg/m /h, or 100 mg/L, or 150 mg/d. 5. Renal function tests: BUN, Cr 6. Imaging procedures: X-ray, Ultrasound, VCUG, Nuclear medicine (99m