[教育]光纤通信技术_英文版_chapter4.ppt

5.1 How a singlemode fiber works There are many differences between multimode and singlemode fibers. These differences start with the principle of action and run through all the fiber characteristics. The principle of action How a singlemode fiber conducts one beam Gaussian beam MFD is the cross-sectional dimension 2w0, where the beam’s intensity drops to 1/e2=1.135 Core, cladding, and mode-field diameter Here we discuss the step-index fiber. Manufacturers use the mode-field diameter, MFD, rather than the core diameter as a parameter that describes singlemode fibers. This is in contrast to multimode fiber, where the geometric sizes of both the core and the cladding are given in the data sheets In multimode fibers, we need to know the core diameter because all the light is confined within the core. In singlemode fibers, however, this statement is not true, as fig5.3 , the essential portion of the light( typically, about 20%) is carried by the cladding. So manufacturers do not even specify the core diameter at all. Effective refractive index, neff is the combination of the core and cladding refractive indexes, this is another significant characteristic of a singlemode fiber. The MFD and Operating Wavelength the shorter the wavelength, the less the MFD typical graphs of MFD as a function of wavelength are shown in figure 5.4. The MFD is important characteristic of a singlemode fiber. When you need to connect two fibers, if these two fibers have different mode-field diameters, you will have extra insertion loss. This insertion loss can be calculated by the following formula: Cutoff wavelength From the formulas we can see the cutoff wavelength 5.2 attenuation Bending losses macro bending loss micro bending loss Absorption Scattering To sum up, then macro-bending loss in a single-mode fiber increases as operating wavelength increases and bend radius decreases. Micro-bending loss Absorption (吸收） These graph show the similarities and differen