第2章-经济问题管理.pptVIP

* * * * * The point of this short section is to lay the groundwork for the next chapter on demand and supply. You can cover it fast or you can use it as a peg on which to hang a discussion of some of the big-picture of the underpinnings of our subject. Some examples follow: The “Invisible Hand”: How self-interested individuals promote prosperity for all. Explain that in economics, we take human nature as given (in contrast to political science, philosophy and some other fields) and assume that people are self-interested. Note if you wish that self-interest does not mean selfish. If everyone is self-interested, how are people encouraged to specialize and exchange to promote prosperity for all? Building on the Tom and Nancy example in the chapter, you can explain how specialization and exchange achieves a higher standard of living that does self sufficiency. So self interest promotes specialization and exchange. But for specialization and exchange to work, people must be able to trade. That is why property rights and markets are so crucial. Property Rights and Markets: The key to promoting socially beneficial activity. To reap the gains from specialization, people need access to markets in which voluntary exchange can take place. Markets work only if property rights are established and enforced. * * * * * * * * 在西方经济学中价值即主观评价。 * * * * * * * * * You can have some fun and generate some discussion by getting the students to think about what life might be like after another 200 years of 经济增长. Provide some numbers: In 2006, income per person in the United States was about $100 a day. In 1806 it was about 70￠ a day, and if the past growth rate prevails for another 200 years, in 2206 it will be $14,000 a day. Emphasize the magic of compound growth. If they think that $14,000 a day is a big income, get them to do a ballpark estimate of the daily income of Bill Gates (about $20 million!) Encourage a discussion of why scarcity is still present even at these large incomes. Be su