[幼儿读物]lecture 1 Grammatical_Hierarchy.pptVIP

Introduction Definition of GRAMMAR GRAMMAR: the structural system of a language. the branch of linguistics(语言学） that deals with syntax（语法） and morphology（词法） (and sometimes also deals with semantics（语义学）) Five Ranks The grammar of the English language is organized into five ranks: Diagram of the five ranks: Each rank is composed of one or more than one grammatical unit of the immediate lower rank: Example A full sentence can generally be segmented rank by rank down to its smallest constituents---the morphemes. 0.1 Morphemes 1.Definition: the minimum or smallest grammatical unit the smallest meaningful element of speech. 2.Classification: Two categories:  1) Free Morphemes 2) Bound Morphemes.（语法范围） *3) Allomorphs（语素变体 ） 3. Diagram of Morpheme 1) Free Morphemes 1. Definition: has a complete meaning can stand by itself as a Simple Word can sometimes act as a complete utterance（发音 ） in connected speech to form Compound Words（合成词） Derivatives（派生词） 2) Bound Morphemes are mostly affixes（词缀） also meaningful, but the meaning is not complete in itself unless it is attached to some other forms cannot stand by itself: it only exists as an Inflectional Affix -’s (genitive（所有格） case) -s/-es (plural nouns（复数名次）) -s/-es (the third person singular verbs in simple present) -ed (past tense verbs) -ing, -ed (-ing participle（分词）, -ed participle form of verbs) -er, -est (comparative（比较级）, superlative（最高级） degree of adjectives/ adverbs) Derivational Affix Prefix（前缀）, Suffix（后缀） (Prefix) + Root + (suffix) co-exist existence co-existence Diagram of Morpheme 3) Allomorphs （语素变体） Definition: The variants of the same morpheme are called allomorphs. Explanation: the same morpheme in different contexts may take different phonological（语音体系） or orthographical（拼写正确的） forms. Examples: In Orthography（正确的拼写）: in- im- il- ir- inactive immature illegal irra