英语语法层次导论.ppt

Introduction—Grammatical Hierarchy 导论—语法层次 Grammatical Hierarchy Grammar is the structural system of a language. The grammar of the English languages is organized in to five ranks: the sentence, the clause, the phrase, the word and the morpheme. Each rank is composed of one or more than one grammatical unit of the immediate lower rank. A full sentence can generally be segmented rank by rank down to its smallest constituents—the morpheme. Sentence Clause NP VP PrepP Det N Aux Adv MV Prep Det N These under-graduate-s are rapid-ly improving in their writ-ing 0.1 Morpheme (词素） The morpheme is the minimum or smallest grammatical unit, also the smallest meaningful element of speech. Morphemes fall into two categories: free morphemes and bound morphemes. 1）Free morphemes (自由词素） 本身具有完整意义并能作为“简单词”而单独使用的词素 Examples: boy girl desk kind give take 2) Bound morphemes (粘附词素） 本身没有完整意义，不能单独使用，必须粘附在自由词素或其他形式上才能表示出意义的词素 Examples : anti-war Marxist unlucky postwar movement co-existence 0.2 Words The word is composed of one or more than one morpheme. Words can be classified in two ways: 1) Classification in terms of word-formation 2) Classification in terms of grammatical funtion a) Simple Word (简单词） 又叫“单词素词”（morpheme word), 由单一自由词素构成，多半是一些短小的词，如：at, by, foot, take, make 等b) Derivative （派生词） 由词根加派生词缀构成，同一词根加不同词缀可表示不同的意义或不同的词性。如：unfair, nonsmoker, misjudge, overeat, international, belittle 等c) Compound（合成词） 通常由两个或两个以上自由词素构成。如： deadline, handbook, driveway, toothpick, downfall 等 back Closed Class (封闭词类) 封闭词类指所有的功能词，包括:介词 (Preposition), 如：in, of, on, without 代词 (Pronoun), 如：you,