光纤通信07OpticFiberWaveguides教学教材演示幻灯片.ppt

preparation 5.4 modes and fields in step-index fibers 5.5 modes and fields in graded-index fibers Modes Normalized frequency V Mode-field radius Condition for single-mode propagation Birefringence and polarization Chapter 5 Optic Fiber Waveguides 5.4 Modes and fields in step-index fibers 5.6 Pulse Distortion and Information Rate 5.7 Construction of Optic Fibers 5.8 Optic-Fiber Cables 5.4 modes and fields in step-index fiber Effective refractive index neff n1 n2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Propagation angle θ θc (Cutoff) 90°(Axial ray) HE11 TE01 HE21 HE12 EH11 HE31 TM01 TE02 TM02 EH21 HE41 5.4.1 modes The chart shows the existence of many modes. TE and TM modes are the transverse electric and transverse magnetic modes as defined in section 4.2. HE and EH modes are hybrid, and each contains components of electric and magnetic fields pointing along the fiber axis. Each curve in Fig.5.17 actually represents two modes, one orthogonally (正交)polarized with respect to the other in the transverse plane. Conventional fibers do not preserve the polarization of the launched wave: orthogonally polarized waves associated with the same mode have the same effective refractive indices, so they travel at the same velocity and easily couple energy between themselves. This exchange occurs at bends, twists（扭曲）, splices, and other mechanical deformation (变形) of the fiber. The effective refractive indices for all modes lie between the index of the cladding and that of the core. For a given mode, neff varies with wavelength, producing waveguide dispersion. At a fixed value of V, several modes might propagate, each having a different effective index. This condition leads to modal distortion. The longitudinal(纵向的) propagation factor can be obtained from neff by applying Eq.(4.6), β=k0 neff . Propagation in the fiber is quite similar to propagation in the slab. As with the slab, modes are cut off whe