03级语用学04.pptVIP

PRAGMATICS 梁正宇 zhengyul@gliet.edu.cn 560 6550 Review Entailment （蕴涵） Redundant information Analytic sentences Contradictions Synthetic sentences Entailment One-way entailment Two-way entailment (Mutual entailment) Foregrounding Session 4 Presupposition Definition of presupposition Presupposition vs. entailment Types of presupposition Usage of presuppositions What is presupposition? Did you get a good look at my face when I took your purse? Yes. (Presupposes that I took the purse) No. (Presupposes that I took the purse) Some definitions are very broad and speaker oriented: anything the speaker assumes to be true before making the utterance. Some definitions are more narrow and sentence oriented: a necessary precondition for the sentence to be true. Presuppositions are inferences about what is assumed to be true in the utterance rather than directly asserted to be true (Peccei, J. 1999). For the meaning “Annie has a sofa” Direct assertion: Annie has a sofa. Presupposition: Don’t sit on Annie’s sofa. Presuppositions are inferences that are very closely linked to the words and grammatical structures actually used in the utterance, and come from our knowledge about the way language users conventionally interpret these words and structure. Presuppositions can be drawn even when there is little or no surrounding context. Presupposition means precondition or a basis for an utterance and its meaning to stand on. In other words, in saying X, we presuppose Y.? For example, if someone says a sentence like “Kepler died in misery”, there is sufficient reason for us to assume that 1) the speaker speaking truth about something, 2) there once lived a person whose name is Kepler, 3) Kepler was unfortunate to die in a miserable way. As presupposition often suggests more than what is simply said and associates itself with the speaker’s belief system, it is another component of pragmatic analysis (Liu, S. 2002). Look at the following sentences 露知道乔是个骗子。 露并不知道