第四章膜分离理论与技术1-98.ppt

第四章 膜分离(membrane separation)理论与技术 4.1.1: 膜及膜分离的定义: 膜: 狭义:如果在一个流体相或两个流体相之间有一薄层凝聚相(polymer phase, made from polyolefin)把流体分开,用于实现分离目的,这中间的凝聚相就叫膜. 广义:一个相或多个相中间的一个不连续区间(discrete margin),用于实现分离目的. A synthetic membrane is an interphase that separates two phases and restricts the transport of chemical species in a specific manner. 4.1: 膜分离技术概述 膜的特点: A membrane must be Semi-permeable: A membrane can be: homogeneous or heterogeneous, symmetric or asymmetric in structure; solid or liquid; neutral, carry either positive or negative charges, or have functional groups with specific binding or complexing abilities. Membrane thickness ranges from less than 100 nm to more than 1 cm. Mass transport through a membrane can occur via diffusion of individual molecules or convection induced by a concentration, pressure, temperature, Or electrical potential gradient. 被膜分离的物质: Liquid, gaseous. 膜分离的定义: Membrane separation involves partially separating a feed containing a mixture of two or more components by use of a semipermeable barrier (the membrane) through which one or more of the species moves faster than another or other species. 1:按膜性质分: 生物膜: 细胞膜,线粒体膜,液泡膜. 合成膜: 有机膜,无机膜. 2:按结构分: Although synthetic membranes vary widely in physical structure and function, they can be classified conveniently in five groups: microporous membranes, Non-Porous Membranes (homogeneous membranes), asymmetric membranes Carrier Membranes, Liquid emulsion membrane or with selective carrier electrically charged barriers, 4.1.2:膜的分类 Non-Porous Membranes Carrier Membranes microporous Membranes 3:按分离过程分: Reverse osmosis membrane(ORM), Ultra-filtration membrane(UFM), Micro-filtration membrane(MFM), Nano-filtration membrane(NFM), Dialysis membrane(DM), Electric dialysis membrane(EDM). 4.1.3:膜过程的推动力 1: Pressure driven(Pressure gap) Reverse osmosis (OR), Ultra-filtration (UF), Micro-filtration (MF), Nano-filtration (NF). Vapourization permeation(VP). 2: Non-pressure driven Concentration gradient(chemic