第七章-以儿童为中心的游戏治疗.pptVIP

第七章 以儿童为中心的游戏治疗 南京特殊教育职业技术学院 特教系 培智教研室 李晓庆 一、简 介 以儿童为中心的游戏治疗又称为非指导性的游戏治疗，创始人是维吉尼亚-梅-亚瑟兰，其著作有： 《儿童游戏治疗》，程小危、黄惠玲翻译，台湾张老师出版有限公司，1993年1月1日。 《Dibs: In Search of Self》，1964 dibs in search of self Dibs in Search of Self , is an epic story of a kid named Dibs who overcame the adversity of being in a shell. This is a story of how Dibs fights to break out of the shell The Book starts off with Dibs being Examined by his teachers in school. His behavior has drawn a lot of attention. Mrs. A, a supervisor and psychotherapist, helps Dibs. She believes in order for him to get out of his shell he needs time and a comfortable environment. She lets Dibs do what ever he wants, so he learns by himself. Dibs other teachers were driven crazy by Dibs. He would not listen to them. He would fight and bite if someone did something he did not like. He acted idiotic, so the teachers thought there would be no hope for him. Everyone thought he was brain damaged or mentally retarded. A proof of this character in the beginning was that Dibs was in a shell, he was locked up in his own world. He would talk to himself, he would not talk to anyone else, he would just stare into space. Everyone thought he had n------ 儿童为中心游戏治疗的对象 适应年龄3——10岁。 对于多种儿童行为障碍，例如过分退缩、叛逆、暴力倾向等，这种辅导法能产生显著的疗效； 对于面对父母离异、死亡、弟妹出生、学习适应问题，及社会交往困难等压力的儿童。 儿童为中心游戏治疗的意义 1、满足儿童的心理需要 儿童为本的游戏治疗理论认为儿童的偏差行为的背后原因是心理情绪上的需要（Axline, 1969）。例如：安全、爱、归属感、自尊等等未获得满足。这个理论强调了要了解及洞悉儿童行为背后的情绪需要。如果老师面对偏差行为的时候，采纳这种疗法的优点，不仅能更加了解有行为障碍的学生心理脆弱之所在，更能把自己的角色进行调整：从抵御儿童的挑战变为为儿童提供情绪支援、鼓励，及爱护，从而把双方的关系由互相对立变为可以让儿童安全地依赖关系。 2、为儿童建立新经验 儿童为本游戏治疗法强调辅导员必须与儿童建立具有治疗性的关系。这份关系是治疗的精粹，也是引发儿童转变及迈向成长的动力。这份关系的精神在于辅导员保持对儿童的新年，努力了解及认同儿童的感受、接纳儿童的限制、珍视儿童作为人的价值、并用真诚的态度给予儿童关怀等 （Rogers, 1961）。当辅导员运用这些态度与儿童相处时，便能把心理情绪养分传递给儿童，让儿童重新经验一份可以信赖的关系，从中感到被理解、爱护及尊重，而产生温暖、安全感和对人的信任，见见延伸到辅导室以外的生活经验中。 二、玩具的选择 玩具是帮助儿童将自己的内外世界与关心自己、耐心倾听的成人实现全面沟通的辅助材料。因此，心理治疗师应该为儿童来访者提供玩具，让儿童来访者能以游戏的形式来表现现实生活。在玩玩具的过程中，儿童可以体验爱、愤怒、悲伤、恐惧、愉快等各种情感，以独立的思想和行动表达出他们的感受和态度。这样，儿童就可以发现自己的能力。心理治疗师应仔细选择儿童能以多种方式使用的玩具，推动儿童自身的成长。 强调应