南开大学光学工程内部课件Sep-30th.ppt

Classical wave concept Term “classical” In this course, it refers to physical phenomena occurring at a scale or size of no less than ~ 10 microns Otherwise, it is a quantum phenomenon Note that precise demarcation line between the classical world and the quantum world is the hot research topic nowadays Waves: Non-Localisation 1st feature = “medium” — Spring, string, water, air, human, etc. — Solid, liquid, and gas — The medium does not advance, after the disturbance it returns to its original balanced position Waves: Non-Localisation 2nd feature = “disturbance” — The disturbance advances, travels, propagates, moves outwards, or move forwards, — The disturbance transports or carries energy and momentum — The disturbance is a continuous entity Types of Waves Classified according to displacement direction — Longitudinal = parallel to travelling direction — Transverse = perpendicular to travelling direction Classified according to periodic or non-periodic Classified according to travelling or standing Classified according to 1, 2, or 3 dimensioning Disturbance = y It is a function of the position and the time y = f (x, t) At a fixed time, it has a shape (or profile) — Spatial profile at t = t0 : y (x,t) = f (x, t0) = g(x) — Temporal profile at x = x0: y (x,t) = f (x0, t) = h(t) Disturbance It may be — Medium displacement (unit : meter) — Temperature (unit : Kelvin) — Pressure (unit : Newton / meter2) Classified according to medium — Water wave, sound waves mechanical — Heat waves thermal — Mexican waves human Disturbance It can be described mathematically by a wave-function of a unit of (x + u t) y = f ( x’) = f ( x + u t) two independent variables: x and t u = velocity (or speed) = a constant The sign indicates travelling direction — if travelling to +x direction, it’s (x – u t) — if travelling to -x direction, it’s (x + u t) A demo