Chapter14–ElectronTransportandOxidativePhosphorylation.docVIP

Chapter 14 – Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation - process in which NADH and QH2 are oxidized and ATP is produced. Enzymes are found in inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, enzymes are found in cell membrane. Process consists of 2 separate, but coupled processes: 1) respiratory electron-transport chain Responsible for NADH and QH2 oxidation Final e- acceptor is molecular oxygen Energy generated from electron transfer is used to pump H+ into intermembrane space from matrix --- matrix becomes more alkaline and negatively charged. 2) ATP synthesis Proton concentration gradients represents stored energy When H+ are moved back across inner mitochondrial membrane through ATP synthase --- ADP is phosphorylated to form ATP Chemiosmotic Theory of ATP Production Proposed by Peter Mitchell in 1961 (won Nobel Prize for this work). Tenet: Proton concentration gradient serves as energy reservoir for ATP synthesis. Proton concentration gradient also known as proton motive force (PMF). Components of Electron Transport System There are 5 protein complexes: I) NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase II) succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase III) ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase IV) cytochrome c oxidase V) ATP synthase Electrons flow through ETS in direction of increasing reduction potential. Two mobile electron carriers also involved: ubiquinone (Q) between complexes I or II and III, and cytochrome c between complexes III and IV. Electrons enter ETS 2 at a time from either NADH or succinate. I - NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase Transfers 2e- from NADH to Q as hydride ion (H-) First electron transferred to FMN -- FMNH2 --- Fe-S cluster --- Q Also pumps 4H+/2e- into intermembrane space II - succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase Transfers e- from succinate to Q First transferred to FAD --- FADH2 --- 3 Fe-S clusters --- Q Not enough energy to contribute to proton gradient via proton pumping III - ubiquinol-cytochro