(精选)Pain, Comfort, and Sleep教学课件.pptVIP

Neuropathic pain is usually associated with a dysfunction of the nervous system, specifically an abnormality in the processing of sensation. Guillain-Barré syndrome is an illness that usually occurs after a mild viral infection such as a sore throat, bronchitis, or flu, or after vaccination or surgical procedure. Symmetric weakness of the limbs begins in the legs, and sometimes progresses to complete paralysis. * Phantom limb pain feels as if it is occurring in the amputated limb. Stump (residual limb) pain is discomfort at the surgery site. Phantom limb sensation is the feeling that the missing body part is still there; it may involve uncomfortable sensations such as burning, tingling, and itching. * For the confused patient, nonverbal cues that pain is being experienced may include restlessness, rocking, pacing, rigidity, guarding, wincing, crying, grimacing with movement, new inability to sleep, hypersensitivity to touch, withdrawal from usual contact with others, moaning, or grunting. * Explain how pain rating scales are used. * Discuss why this is used instead of other rating scales. * Only the patient knows what hurts and how much. Care must be based on the patient’s own assessment of the degree of pain and the need for pain relief. Other detectable signs of pain include elevated blood pressure, heart rate, and respirations, or the presence of nausea or diaphoresis. Patients may perceive pain to be less than or greater than what the nurse may have seen before for the same condition. How might cultural background influence how people show pain? Remember: Pain can be measured by its influence on the vital signs. Fear and apprehension may accelerate pain. Relaxation may relieve pain. * Pain may be relieved by change in position. Application of cold or warm compresses also relieves pain. Give an example of constant pain. Give an example of intermittent pain. Give an example of occasional pain. * Appropriate use of nonmedicinal methods of pain control in so