[中学联盟]江苏省盐城市石化中学牛津译林版高中英语选修十：unit3 语法.doc

篇章结构 段落是文章的基本单位。一篇文章可以是一段，也可以写成若干个段落。段落写作的好坏会直接影响文章意义的表达和思想的交流。 一、段落写作的3+3原则 1. 构成段落的三个部分：主题句、扩展句、结论句 主题句概括段落的中心思想，是段落发展的依据。扩展句支持主题句，通过给出一些例子、原因、事实、统计数字或引文等，对主题句进行解析说明，这是段落的主体部分。结论句也叫总结句，通常是段落的最后一句，与主题句相呼应。 2. 衡量段落的三个标准：完整性、统一性、连贯性 完整性要求运用具体的事实细节深入说明主题，使段落内容完整充实。统一性要求段落中所有的论证细节都集中表达一个中心思想。连续性指段落中的每个句子在逻辑上和结构上相连贯，使整个段落达到合乎逻辑的平衡发展。 二、写好主题句 主题句反映段落的中心思想，它常常位于段首或段末，有时也可置于段中。 三、段落的连贯 段落的连续性要求文章段落中各句要前后衔接，条理清楚，使读者易于理解。获得段落连续性的方法有两种：按逻辑顺序组织内容和使用连接手段。 1. 逻辑顺序的连贯：英语的段落甚至整篇文章的内容按六种逻辑顺序排列，分别为时间、空间、递升、递降、演绎和归纳。 如： Every morning my nephew and I took a walk in the neighboring hills where we could enjoy the fresh air and sweet songs of the birds. In the afternoon, I mostly spent my time reading or writing, for I was shut in the house by the terrible heat. The evening was the only time we could go to swim together. I improved swimming during those two weeks and through physical exercise I became stronger. (按时间顺序)[来源:学.科.网Z.X.X.K] Give students a chance to grow. Let them seek knowledge, but do not find it for them. Let them learn patience; do not force it on them. Let them take their own time to grow; do not set rigid schedules. Experience cannot be taught; it must come slowly through person search. (按归纳法次序) 2. 常见的几种连接手段：1）利用代词指代前面的名词，起到承上启下的作用；2）利用关键词或短语的重复以达到衔接；3）利用过渡连接词来显现文章内容组织的逻辑性。 As a human being, one can hardly do without a friend. We need friends to share our joy and sorrow; we consult with friends if there are problems we cannot handle alone; we go to friends for help when we are in trouble; and we sometimes confide in our friends what secret we are reluctant to reveal to our family. In a sense, friends are often more important to us than relatives. 上面段落使用了上述三种连接手段：1）使用代词one; 2）重复关键词语friends，we; 3）使用过渡连接词in a sense和and; 几个句子通过分号连接，流畅自然地支持了我们不能没有朋友这一主题。 四、段落的发展 在主题句确定了以后，下一步就是运用扩展句展开主题。常用的段落发展方法有：列举法、举例法、因果法、比较对照法、分类法、综合法等。 1. 列举法：是指先提出论点，然后列举出一系列论据进行陈述或解析的方法。列举法常用的过渡连接词语有：first, second, also, finally, one, another, still another, for one thing … for another, to begin with,