土木工程专业英语4课精品.pptVIP

An engineer is responsible for his or her design decisions, both ethically and legally. Try to learn from the mistakes of others rather than making your own. 一个工程师要为他或她的设计负责，在道德上，也在法律上负责。努力从他人而不是自己的教训中学习吧！ * * Excise critically ——1.批判性地;苛求地。2.危急地;严重地 forbidding——冷峻的;令人生畏的 contemplate—— 1.?深思, 细想, 仔细考虑。1.?注视, 凝视。2.?考虑接受（发生某事的可能性） susceptible ——1.易受影响的; 易动感情的。2.过敏的; 易受…感染的。3.能经受的。4.好动感情的；感情丰富的；善感的。5. 容许…的；可能…的；可以…的。 * Looked at critically, all structures are assemblies of three dimensional elements, the exact analysis of which is a forbidding task even under ideal conditions and impossible to contemplate under conditions of professional practice. For this reason, an important part of the analysts work is the simplification of the actual structure and loading conditions to a model that is susceptible to rational analysis. 严格看来，所有的结构都是由三维构件组成的，这些构件的精确分析，即使在理想条件下也是很困难的，考虑专业实践条件更是不可能的。因此，分析者所做工作的一个重要部分，就是将实际结构与荷载条件简化成一个适于示性分析的模型。 * 4 Stress Limits in Design 第4课 设计中的应力极限 * How large can we permit the stresses to be? Or conversely: How large must a part be to withstand a given set of loads? What are the overall conditions or limits that will determine the size and material for a part? 我们可以允许多大应力？或者反过来说，构件尺寸该多大才能抵抗给定的一组荷载？决定构件尺寸和材料的总体条件和限值是什么？ * Design limits are based on avoiding failure of the part to perform its desired function. 设计限值是以构件不发生破坏而执行其要求的功能为基础的。 Because different parts must satisfy different functional requirements, the conditions which limit load-carrying ability may be quite different for different elements. 因为不同构件必须满足不同的功能要求，不同构件界定承载能力的条件可能差别很大。 * As an example, compare the design limits for the floor of a house with those for the wing of an airplane. 举例来说，可以将住宅楼板和机翼的设计限值比较一下。 * If we were to determine the size of the wooden beams in a home such that they simply did not break, we would not be very happy with them; they would be too “springy”. Walking across the room would be like walking out on a diving board. 如果我们要这样来确定木梁的尺寸，只要它不断裂就行，那我们可能就不会很喜