清华经济学原理一学期.Chapter33章节幻灯片.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Long-run aggregate supply Short-run aggregate supply, AS1 Quantity of Output Price Level 0 Aggregate demand A Y1 P1 总供给的不利移动……An Adverse Shift in Aggregate Supply... 3. …和价格水平上升 and the price level to rise. P2 2. …导致产出下降 causes output to fall… B Y2 AS3 4. …长期内价格水平继续上升 in the long run, price level rises more. P3 C 1. 总供给曲线的不利移动。 An adverse shift in the aggregate-supply curve… AS2 Y3 5. …产出进一步下降 and output falls more. * 滞胀Stagflation 总供给的不利移动导致滞胀——衰退和通货膨胀并存。 Adverse shifts in aggregate supply cause stagflation—a combination of recession and inflation. 产出下降，失业增加，价格上升。 Output falls, unemployment rises, and prices rise. 政策制定者能够影响总需求，但不能同时抵消这两种不利的影响。 Policymakers who can influence aggregate demand cannot offset both of these adverse effects simultaneously. * 对于衰退的政策反应Policy Responses to Recession 政策制定者对衰退的反应可以是以下方式之一 Policymakers may respond to a recession in one of the following ways: 什么也不做，等待价格和工资的调整。 Do nothing and wait for prices and wages to adjust. 采取行动，通过货币与财政政策来增加总需求。 Take action to increase aggregate demand by using monetary and fiscal policy. * 对于衰退的政策反应Policy Responses to Recession 对即使是短期的经济衰退做出适当的政策反应，来源于凯恩斯的主张。 The long run is a misleading guide to current affairs. In the long run we are all dead. Economists set themselves too easy, too useless a task if in tempestuous seasons they can only tell us when the storm is long past, the ocean will be flat. - John Maynard Keynes * 总结Summary 所有社会都经历了围绕长期趋势的短期经济波动All societies experience short-run economic fluctuations around long-run trends. 这些波动是不规则的，大多不可预测。 These fluctuations are irregular and largely unpredictable. 当衰退发生时，实际GDP和其他一些