清华经济学原理一学期.Chapter34章节幻灯片.pptxVIP

34货币政策与财政政策对总需求的影响 The Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Demand总需求Aggregate Demand 除了货币与财政政策以外，有许多因素影响总需求。Many factors influence aggregate demand besides monetary and fiscal policy. 特别的，家庭与企业希望的支出决定了对于物品与服务的总体需求。In particular, desired spending by households and business firms determines the overall demand for goods and services.总需求Aggregate Demand当希望的支出改变，总需求移动，导致短期产出与就业的波动。When desired spending changes, aggregate demand shifts, causing short-run fluctuations in output and employment.货币与财政政策有时能用以弥补这些移动，稳定经济。Monetary and fiscal policy are sometimes used to offset those shifts and stabilize the economy.货币政策如何影响总需求How Monetary Policy Influences Aggregate Demand在长期中，美联储控制的货币供给影响物价水平。In the long run, the money supply controlled by the Fed affects the price level.在短期中，货币政策影响总需求，进而影响产出等宏观经济变量。In the short run, monetary policy tools can shift the aggregate-demand curve and, in doing so, affect macroeconomic variables as output.通过利率效应 through the interest-effect总需求曲线为什么向下倾斜Why the Aggregate Demand Curve Is Downward Sloping价格水平与消费：财富效应The Price Level and Consumption: The Wealth Effect价格水平与投资：利率效应The Price Level and Investment: The Interest Rate Effect价格水平与净出口：汇率效应The Price Level and Net Exports: The Exchange-Rate Effect价格水平与消费：财富效应The Price Level and Consumption: The Wealth Effect价格水平的下降提高了货币的真实价值，使得消费者更加富有，鼓励他们支出更多。A decrease in the price level raises the real value of money and makes consumers wealthier, which in turn encourages them to spend more. 消费支出的上升意味着对物品与服务更大的需求数量。This increase in consumer spending means larger quantities of goods and services demanded.价格水平与投资：利率效应The Price Level and Investment: The Interest Rate Effect低物价减少了人们持有的现金人们选择更多的储蓄降低了利率，这鼓励了对投资品的更大支出投资支出的增加意味着物品与服务的需求数量更大。价格水平与净出口：汇率效应The Price Level and net Exports: The Exchange-Rate Effect美国的价格水平下降导致了美国的利率下降投资者转向外国的投资,美元供给增加美元贬值外国物品变贵,本国物品变便宜进口下降,出口增加净出口支出增加总需求曲线为什么向下倾斜Why the Aggregate Demand Curve Is Downward Sloping财富效应：货币持有量只是家庭财富的一小部分汇率效应：进出口只在美国经济中占很小一部分对于美国来说，总需求曲线向右下方倾斜