苏格拉底生平.PPT

lecture One Introduction to English Rhetoric 修辞概说 Contents of Lecture One I About the Course II Reference Books III What is Rhetoric? IV Rhetoric and Other Courses V Why Do We Learn Rhetoric? I About the Course 1.?Optional course of English Major 2. Teaching Objects: Seniors of English Major 3. Purpose: Schedule of the course II Reference Books 4. Assessment: Exam Total grades = 30% of Regular Grades + 70%of the Final Exam III. What is rhetoric? 《苏格拉底之死》1787 纽约大都会博物馆 法国新古典主义画家：雅克?路易? 大卫（Jacques Louis David) Plato and his idea about rhetoric Full name Plato Born c. 428–427 BC Athens Died c. 348–347 BC (age approx 84) Athens School/tradition Platonism Main interests： Rhetoric, Art, Literature, Epistemology, Justice, Virtue, Politics, Education, Family, Militarism Notable ideas：Platonic realism（柏拉图式的现实主义和理想主义） It is possible that in developing his own theory of knowledge, Plato coined the term rhetoric both to denounce what he saw as the false wisdom of the Sophists智者学派[s?fist]?, and to advance his own views on knowledge and method. Plato and his idea about rhetoric Platos animosity憎恶,? 仇恨 against the Sophists derives not only from their inflated claims to teach virtue and their reliance on appearances, but from the fact that his teacher, Socrates, was accused of being a Sophist and ultimately sentenced to death for his teaching. [?dai?‘lektik] adj. 辩证的, 辩证法的；方言的 柏拉图的著作中很多地方都表达了对修辞的贬斥。在《高尔吉亚篇》（GORGIAS）中，苏格拉底声称，修辞“发明的是这样一种劝服方式：它只制造对正义与非正义的看法，却对如何认识它们毫无教益”（Plato：455a）；修辞家“不需要了解事物的真实面目，他只需找到某种方式让那些无知的人相信他比真正有知识的人更有知识就行了”（459b）。因此，修辞与真理无关，根本不关心真理，甚至带有明显的欺骗意味。 然而，柏拉图对修辞的看法并非一成不变。海德格尔在1924-1925年讲授《智者篇》时提出，柏拉图的修辞观念有一个演变的过程，其轨迹可以通过比较三篇对话勾勒出来（Brogan：3-15）。《高尔吉亚篇》代表了早期柏拉图全盘否定修辞的态度；海德格尔认为，在《智者篇》中，柏拉图的态度有了重大变化，转而相信修辞对“不在”（non-being）或者说“存在”之外的领域的关注应当在哲学中占据一席之地，辩证（dialectic）能够克服修辞的欺骗倾向，使之为哲学服务；《斐德若篇》(Phaedrus)则是发生这一转变的关键场所。在这篇对话中，柏拉图着重探讨了真理（aletheia）与语言（logos）的关系。 《高尔吉亚篇》为柏拉图离开雅典前所写的最后一篇对话录。高尔吉亚与苏格拉底在篇中争辩有关智士与哲学家的问题。智士学派秉持相对主义，认为雄辩术能够补足人类知识不足之处，柏拉图则是提出了一个超越性、完美的知识。