Acid and Base Equilibria：酸和碱平衡.ppt

Acid and Base Equilibria Memorize – strong acids and bases Definitions Arrhenius: acids produce H+ ions in water and bases produce OH- ions. Bronsted-Lowry: an acid is a proton donor and a base is a proton acceptor. HC2H3O2 + H2O ?? C2H3O2- + H3O+ acid base base acid NH3 + H2O ?? NH4+ + OH- base acid acid base Species that differ by a proton, like H2O and H3O+, are called conjugate acid-base pairs Conjugate Acid/Base pairs Acid/Base HC2H3O2/C2H3O2- NH4+/NH3 H3O+/H2O H2O/OH- H2O is amphoteric because it can act as either an acid or a base. An amphoteric substances can act as either an acid or base For example, the hydrogen carbonate ion: Strong and Weak Acids and Bases The strength of an acid is a measure of its ability to transfer a proton Acids that dissociate completely with water (like HCl and HNO3) are classified as strong Acids that are less than completely ionized are called weak acids Bases can be classified in a similar fashion. Acetic acid (HC2H3O2) is a weak acid It ionizes only slightly in water The hydronium ion is a better proton donor than acetic acid (it is a stronger acid) The acetate ion is a better proton acceptor than water (it is a stronger base) The position of an acid-base equilibrium favors the weaker acid and base (the reactants are favored in this example) The strengths of the binary acids increases from left to right within the same period For example, PH3 H2S HCl increase from top to bottom within a group For example, HCl HBr HI Strength of All Acids 1. The POLARITY of the X-H bond The greater the polarity of the X-H bond the greater the strength of the acid. ?Polarity is measured by the difference in electronegativity between the bonded atoms. When an acid dissociates in water, the X-H bond is broken. ?The greater the polarity of the bond, the easier it is to break and produce H+ ions, and thus the stronger the acid. Formula? ?? Ka value? ? ? DEN HF 7.2 x 10-4 1.8 H2O