Conservation - Northern Illinois University保护-北伊利诺斯大学.pptVIP

Conservation Work Expanded Mechanical work involves a force acting through a distance. Work can involve a change in internal energy. Temperature may change Temperature did not cause the work First Law of Thermodynamics Internal energy can only change by heat transferred to and work done by a system. Heat added is + Heat lost is – Work by a system is + Work on a system is - PV Diagram The ideal gas law links pressure, volume, and temperature. PV = nRT For fixed quantity of gas, any two of the three determine the third. Graph of pressure vs volume describes the system. Slow Motion During rapid change the macroscopic state variables are not well defined. On a PV diagram it is assumed that the system changes slowly. This is a quasi-static change. Measuring Work The mechanical work can be measured on the PV diagram. The work done is the area under the PV curve describing the system. Constant Temperature Changes often involve holding one variable constant. Moving a piston slowly changes pressure and volume. Temperature remains the same. Isothermal Process For an ideal gas at constant temperature DT = 0, P is inversely proportional to V. P = nRT(1/V) The work done by an ideal gas can be found with calculus. Internal Energy Conserved An ideal gas only changes internal energy with temperature change. DU = 0 From the first law, work done equals heat flow. DU = Q – W Q = W Underwater A scuba diver is swimming at a depth of 25 m where the pressure is 3.5 atm. The exhaled air forms bubbles 8.0 mm in radius. The bubbles stay at 300 K as they rise. How much work is done by each bubble as it expands reaching the surface? The ideal gas law is used to find the amount of gas. P and V are related. This is an isothermal process. W = 0.95 J. * * Work is an energy transfer that is not due to a temperature difference. Heat is an energy transfer that is due to a temperature difference. When work is defined as positive on a system it is DU = Q + W. P V P V work done