Modulation und Multiplex调制和多路复用.pptVIP

Modulation and Multiplex Modulation (a) A binary signal (b) Amplitude modulation (c) Frequency modulation (d) Phase modulation Time Division Multiplexing The T1 carrier (1.544 Mbps). Time Division Multiplexing Multiplexing T1 streams into higher carriers. PCM-30-System Systemaufbau einer PCM-30-übertragungsstrecke PCM-30-System Rahmenaufbau des PCM-30-Systems PCM-Multiplexstufen Time Division Multiplexing SONET and SDH multiplex rates. GSMGlobal System for Mobile Communications GSM uses 124 frequency channels, each of which uses an eight-slot TDM system Layer 2 Data Link Layer Design Issues Services Provided to the Network Layer Framing Error Control Flow Control Functions of the Data Link Layer Provide service interface to the network layer Dealing with transmission errors Regulating data flow Slow receivers not swamped by fast senders Functions of the Data Link Layer (2) Relationship between packets and frames. Services Provided to Network Layer (a) Virtual communication. (b) Actual communication. Elementary Data Link Protocols An Unrestricted Simplex Protocol A Simplex Stop-and-Wait Protocol A Simplex Protocol for a Noisy Channel Sliding Window Protocols A One-Bit Sliding Window Protocol A Protocol Using Go Back N A Protocol Using Selective Repeat Sliding Window Protocols (2) A sliding window of size 1, with a 3-bit sequence number. (a) Initially. (b) After the first frame has been sent. (c) After the first frame has been received. (d) After the first acknowledgement has been received. A One-Bit Sliding Window Protocol Two scenarios for protocol 4. (a) Normal case. (b) Abnormal case. The notation is (seq, ack, packet number). An asterisk indicates where a network layer accepts a packet. A Protocol Using Go Back N Pipelining and error recovery. Effect on an error when (a) Receiver’s window size is 1. (b) Receiver’s window size is large. A Sliding Window Protocol Using Selective Repeat (a) Initial situation with a window size seven. (b) After se