托马斯.A.普格尔_国际贸易_英语chap.ppt

Chapter 9 Nontariff Barriers to Imports Outline of chapter 9 Types of nontariff barriers to imports The import of quota Voluntary export restraints (VERs) Other tariff barriers How big are the costs of protection? WTO Types of nontariff barriers to imports Nontariff barriers(NTB):Any policy, other than a tariff, used by the government of a country to reduce imports of a specific product Could you list some NTBs? Figure 9.1 – Major Types of NTBs The import quota Import quota:A limit on the (maximum) total quantity of imports of a product allowed into a country during a period of time Why protectionists and government officials may favor using quota instead of a tariff? A quota can ensures that the quantity of imports is strictly limited A quota gives government officials greater power. The Effects of an Import Quota under Competitive Conditions Small Importing Country case (figure 8.2) large Importing country case Figure 9.2 – The Effects of an Import Quota under Competitive Conditions, Small Importing Country The Effects of an Import Quota Domestic producer (gain or lose ?) Gain: a Domestic consumer(gain or lose?) loss:-(a+b+c+d) Where does the benefit from the import quota go? Depends on the ways how to allocate import licenses Question: If a tariff and a quota are equivalent, then the tariff: has the same effect on price and imports as the quota. has a greater effect on price and imports than does the quota. has a smaller effect on price and imports than does the quota. has no effect on price and imports, but the quota does. Tariff, Domestic Monopoly Import Quota, Domestic Monopoly Ways to allocate import licenses The government allocates the licenses for free to importers using a rule or process that involves no resource costs such as fixed favoritism The government auctions off the licenses to the highest bidders: Auction The government allocates the licenses through application and selection procedures that require the use of substantial resource: