眼和视网膜-S.pptVIP

，失敏的作用。 小实验：将一支铅笔水平握在右手中，闭上左眼，看正前方。用右眼注视这个点，同时将铅笔在视野中慢慢地向右移动（向右耳所在的方向），直到整个铅笔在视野中消失。 重复这个实验，将铅笔移向左边，上边和下边，铅笔消失的位置就是右眼的视野 范围。 视网膜中的视觉信息流最直接的通路是光感受器通过双极细胞到神经节细胞的传递。 水平细胞也接受光感受器的输入，并通过侧向影响周围的双极细胞和光感受器。 无长突细胞接受双极细胞的输入，并侧向影响周围的神经节细胞，双极细胞和其他无长突细胞。 两个要点：1）视网膜中的光敏感细胞是光感受器，是几乎唯一的感受器。 2） 神经节细胞是视网膜唯一的输出途径。 视网膜是分层排列的。但是细胞层是内外跌倒的：光必须穿过玻璃体，神经节细胞和双极细胞才能到达光感受器。这些细胞透明度非常高，图像几乎不变形。 视网膜的分层。 光感受器分为四个部分：外段、内段、胞体和突触终末。 外段具有大量膜盘，有光敏感的视色素对光进行吸收，然后触发光感受器膜电位的变化。 根据外端形状不同，分为视杆和视锥。 视杆和视锥功能上有重大区别。视杆内膜盘数量较多，视色素密度较高，因此光敏感性比视锥高出1000倍。夜间照明时，只有视杆起作用。 视锥有三种不同色素，分别辨别红，绿和蓝色。 Suction-electrode recording on the membrane current of a single toad rod. 左图：The outer segment of a rod projecting from a piece of retina was sucked in position in a suction electrode. Proximal end of cell remains attached to retina. Boundary between inner and outer segments is visible. (B) Response of rod outer segment to a series of 40 consecutive dim flashes. 20 msec flash delivering 0.029 photons (μm2 at 500 nm, flash timing monitored below. The rod showed no response to some flashes, or a small response of ~ 1 pA to others, and occasionally a larger response. This suggests that the flash response is quantized, as might be expected when on average very few photons are absorbed. With further analysis, the authors demonstrated that each quantal electrical event resulted from a single photo-isomerization with mean amplitude of ~ 1 pA – the single-photon response. Modified from Baylor et al. Journal of Physiology, 1979, 288: 589-611 (A) and 288: 613-634 (B) Electroretinogram (ERG) is a mass electrical response of the retina to photic stimulation. ERG is a test to assess the status of the retina in eye diseases in human patients used as models of retinal disease. The basic method of recording ERG is by stimulating the eye with a bright light source, such as a flash produced by LEDs or a strobe lamp. The flash of light elicits a biphasic waveform recordable at the cornea similar to that illustrated below (Fig 1). The two compon