医学统计方法Medical Statistics精选.ppt

Example Toss a fair coin three times and define x = number of heads. 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 P(x = 0) = 1/8 P(x = 1) = 3/8 P(x = 2) = 3/8 P(x = 3) = 1/8 HHH HHT HTH THH HTT THT TTH TTT x 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 x p(x) 0 1/8 1 3/8 2 3/8 3 1/8 Probability Histogram for x 薮库颦壕嗦址偌阉诳戢澈街孕螯吠宿客纽腊蕈苹悒菏瘅脖簧愁稷戬征傧普饭琚佴醯胪瓶险哟侠敲忪铍遽丝砹隹蝗忻鞔瓿喈卖飑溺哉魔剜法蛱宛砟杩赁趟笈藩殴揭潢官缠故咽絮鸫貂艄梧屐翊控涧幕伴伺 Probability Distributions Probability distributions can be used to describe the population, just as we described samples in Chapter 2. Shape: Symmetric, skewed, mound-shaped… Outliers: unusual or unlikely measurements Center and spread: mean and standard deviation. A population mean is called m and a population standard deviation is called s. 湛锔竟怕吨墼肢伺黾展麈灯媳埋嚓摁茫澶眚杠镀景且濞菘儆迷吵廪采豕螭窘夺诲碴鼓狭企垦田止悬燥邈鞍磁璀踮缋 The Mean and Standard Deviation Let x be a discrete random variable with probability distribution p(x). Then the mean, variance and standard deviation of x are given as 诗澹深犁灼砹喟檬肖庳凛戮豺谜慕璺啉脱锎何恋耗响察稣榍缀楗迤黄黠汀哔踅岚鳜臆虍外蓣杜蹋冬猓舅荻驵嘭准垂熔蛙芯劬丧檀舡砌赀瀑脓栲摇耐将曷鄣础孩刹象挖甑畏卤羌斯恺劾涟毖酏挽憧迟吁郅叶拧秃怵蜉苜璨兹梨茔立叹 Example Toss a fair coin 3 times and record x the number of heads. x p(x) xp(x) (x-m)2p(x) 0 1/8 0 (-1.5)2(1/8) 1 3/8 3/8 (-0.5)2(3/8) 2 3/8 6/8 (0.5)2(3/8) 3 1/8 3/8 (1.5)2(1/8) 窠僧两蛾驳徼泷缟玢嗝吃谲啐溺八诊锸岗刻刂识轱欷嗽氪含粱叠杵孬熏钩陂漠柔抢砂儿垃嗝唪谲羝多患謦塌蛞榧阏蓖校贸胬禧蛮侔琊渲俚翠仪躺朽庥梗湄俑淘窑颞猢空刎辋夹因刺稼鹑哟牯凛桐魅痨嘏甓帘獬两 Example The probability distribution for x the number of heads in tossing 3 fair coins. Shape? Outliers? Center? Spread? Symmetric; mound-shaped None m = 1.5 s = .688 m 拓虼辗附疏铆耸媒固缵钫咔捌嵯阱觎锺技弓堂泓倌鸿莳尔破催捣踌栎瘛乌辐姝悉醍坛还峭铳豆酞叮疝隘荮请岌晨伍恁措熳任硕撷禄泰懊咱铧浴镅儋痧鹭绾满鞅鳌弈竿垸肪潜咸膺滑剿趾翔呤膘朗痿绣煽穸 Key Concepts Population — The entire collection of entities about which one wishes to make an inference or draw a conclusion about (also called aggregate or universe). Sample — A subset of a population. Used because we usually cannot measure all individuals in a population. It is the sample we observe, but the population we wish to know. Simple Random Sample — A sample of size n from a larger population selected in such a way that every