心理学导论Chapter6Perception.pptVIP

Chapter 6 Perception Transform meaningless sensations into meaningful perceptions The Perception Paradox—misperceiving reality Perception failure — our perceptual experience of a stimulus differs from the actual characteristics of that stimulus Three approaches to perception Computational approach — focuses on how computations by the nervous system translate raw sensory stimulation into an experience of reality Constructivist approach — the perceptual system uses fragments of sensory information to construct an image of reality Ecological approach — humans and other species are so well adapted to their natural environment that many aspects of the world are perceived without requiring higher-level analysis and inferences Selective Attention—the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus Cocktail party effect—the ability to attend selectively to only one voice among many The experiments (pp. 182-183, 98) U. Neisser(1979) and … Can unnoticed stimuli affect us? Perceptual Illusions Optical ~: misjudge length, position, motion, curvature, or direction A classic illusion created by Franz Müller-Lyer, 1889 The Poggenddorff illusion The Ebbinghaus illusion Zollner illusion The face looks familiar Perceptual Organization Gestalt — an organized whole — the whole may exceed the sum of its parts Form perception Figure and Ground — the organization of the visual field into objects (the figure) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground) A face or an Eskimo An old man or two young lovers A young lady or a man playing saxophone Salvador Dali’s Slave Market with the Disappearing Bust of Voltaire (1940) Grouping — the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups Proximity Similarity Continuity Closure Depth Perception—learned or innated Visual Cliff Binocular Cues Retinal disparity Convergence Monocular Cues: relative size —if separate objects are expected to be of the same