复旦大学无机化学IC06.pptVIP

6. Usanovich definition The complete definition is as follows: An acid is any chemical species which reacts with base, gives up cations, or accepts anions or electrons, or combines with anions and, conversely, a base is any chemical species which reacts with acids, give up anions or electrons, or combines with cations. This definition simply includes all Lewis acid-base reactions plus redox reactions which may consist of complete transfer of one or more electrons. OH- + O=C=O → HOCO2- e- (sol) + Na (sol) →Na- (sol) Base Acid These definitions can be summarized as a general definition, which defines an acid as donating a positive species or accepting a negative species and a base as donating a negative species or accepting a positive species. Acid Base Donor H+, M+ O2-, e or e2, OH-, X- Acceptor O2-, e or e2, OH-, X- H+, M+ 1.5.2 Solvent leveling Because solvents may be acids or bases, for example, weak acids in water may appear strong in a basic solvent and similarly, weak bases in water may appear strong in an acidic solvent. 1. Discrimination in water Any acid stronger than H3O+ in water gives a proton to H2O (water) and forms H3O+. This means that no acid is stronger than H3O+ in water. For example, in water we cannot know which is the stronger acid between HBr and HI. Therefore, water is said to have a leveling effect that brings all stronger acids down to the acidity of H3O+. However, in an acidic solvent such as acetic acid (CH3COOH), both of the acids behave as weak acids and their strength can be distinguished It is found HI is stronger than HBr. Similarly, the OH- is the strongest base in water that any base stronger than the OH- reacts with water to form the OH-. Any acid with Ka1 and any base with Kb1 is leveled in water. The window of acid strengths that are not leveled in water is