13GIS数据概述_13_.ppt

GIS DATA：类型与模型、格式、标准概述 GIS Data Models Maps and GIS are models of reality They emphasize some aspects of reality in a cartographic (and database) representation while ignoring or greatly simplifying other aspects of reality. GIS Data Models Philosophic Aspects of Spatial Data Representation GIS Data Models GIS Data Models GIS Data Models The real world can only be depicted in a GIS through the use of models that define phenomena in a manner that computer systems can interpret, as well perform meaningful analysis GIS Data Models GIS Data Models GIS Data Models GIS Data Models GIS Data Models GIS Data Models Real World Data Needed Basic carrier of information = entity Real-world phenomenon not divisible into phenomena of the same kind An entity consists of: Type Classification Attributes Relationships Entity: Type Classification Assumes identical occurrences can be classified Each entity type must be unique (no ambiguity) e.g., detached house classified under house; not industrial building Some entities may need to be categorized e.g., roadways as a class: with categories for national highways, urban roads, private roads Entity type also known as qualitative data or in statistics the ‘nominal scale’ Entity: Attributes Each entity type may have one or more attributes e.g., buildings may have attributes characterizing material (frame or masonry), as well number of stories Attributes may describe quantitative data ranked in three levels of accuracy Paper Map Deficiencies data volume was greatly reduced = local detail lost map drawn extremely accurately and presentation clear large scales implied numerous map sheets and area of interest is often junction of two or more sheets data on map cannot be easily retrieved and combined with other spatial data printed map is a static qualitative document Digital Map Advantages make existing maps more quickly and cheaply. make maps for specific user needs. map production possible without skilled staff. facilitat