11地图与地图投影_11_.pptVIP

高斯 - 克吕格投影与UTM 高斯 - 克吕格投影 高斯—克里格投影的中央经线是直线，没有变形中央经线两侧的经线是对称于中央经线的曲线，较实际长度略长。赤道是与中央经线互相垂直的直线，较实际球面上略长，其余纬线是南北对称于赤道的曲线，与经线曲线正交。 采用高斯—克里格投影的地形图，将每一个投影带的中央经线作为纵轴，赤道作为横轴，构成平面直角坐标系，依平面直角划成的网格为正方形，以公里为单位，称方里网或公里网。为避免负数，把坐标纵轴自中央经线向西平移500公里（中央经线的横坐标为500公）。纵坐标自赤道起算。 1∶5万地形图，直角坐标网的每一个网格边长2厘米，代表1公里：（23276，3028）表示第23投影带中央经线以西500-276=224公里，赤道以北3028公里。 长度、面积变形小变形最大处在赤道两端，但最大长度变形0.14%,面积变形0.27%。误差小 Universal Transverse Mercator This is an international plane (rectangular) coordinate system developed by the U.S. Army which extends around the world from 84 degrees North to 80 degrees South. The world is divided into 60 zones, each covering six (6) degrees of longitude. Each zone extends three degrees eastward and three degrees westward from its central meridian. Zones are numbered consecutively west to east from the 180 degree meridian. From 84 degrees North and 80 degrees South to the respective poles, the Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS) is used. The Transverse Mercator projection is applied to each UTM zone. Transverse Mercator is a transverse form of the Mercator cylindrical projection. The projection cylinder is rotated 90 degrees from the vertical (polar) axis and can be placed to intersect at a chosen central meridian. The UTM system specifies the central meridian of each zone. With a separate projection for each UTM zone, a high degree of accuracy is possible (maximum distortion of one part in 1,000 within each zone). UTM zones in the lower 48 Military Grid Coordinates British National Grid(Transverse Mercator) Albers Conical Equal Area This secant conical projection produces very accurate area and distance measurements in the middle latitudes through use of two standard parallels. Thus, Albers Conical Equal Area is well-suited to countries or continents where depth, north-south, is about 3/5 the breadth, east-west. When this projection is used for the continental U.S. (China), the two standard parallels are 29 1/2 (25)degrees and 45 1/2 (47)