病毒学总论-2011 March.ppt

* * If a virus has a segmented genome and if two variants of that virus infect a single cell, progeny virions can result with some segments from one parent, some from the other * If two different viruses infect a cell, progeny viruses may contain coat components derived from both parents and so they will have coat properties of both parents. This is called phenotypic mixing. IT INVOLVES NO ALTERATION IN GENETIC MATERIAL, the progeny of such virions will be determined by which parental genome is packaged and not by the nature of the envelope. Phenotypic mixing may occur between related viruses, e.g. different members of the Picornavirus family, or between genetically unrelated viruses, e.g. Rhabdo- and Paramyxo- viruses. * Phenotypic mixing to form a pseudotype We can also get the situation where a coat is entirely that of another virus, e.g. a retrovirus nucleocapsid in a rhabdovirus envelope. This kind of phenotypic mixing is sometimes referred to as pseudotype (pseudovirion) formation. The pseudotype described above will show the adsorption-penetration-surface antigenicity characteristics of the rhabdovirus and will then, upon infection, behave as a retrovirus and produce progeny retroviruses. This results in? pseudotypes? having an altered host range/tissue tropism on a temporary basis? 1886年在荷兰工作的德国人麦尔（Adolf Mayer）把烟草花叶病株的汁液注射到健康烟草的叶脉中，引起了烟草的花叶病，证明这种病是可以传染的。 1892年俄国的伊万诺夫斯基（Ivanowski）不但重复了麦尔的试验，而且发现其病原能通过细菌所不能通过的过滤器，可是他本人并没有意识到这一现象的重要意义，反而抱怨他用的过滤器出了毛病。用这个出了“毛病”的过滤器滤过的细菌培养液，保持了几个月都未污染细菌的事实也没能改变他的看法。 1898年荷兰的一位细菌学家贝叶林克（Beijerinck）重复和肯定了伊万诺夫斯基的结果并且证明显微镜下看不到病原物，试管里用培养细菌的方法也培养不出来，但它能扩散到凝胶中。因此得出结论认为病原是一种比细菌还小的“有传染性的活的流质”。他给病毒起拉丁名叫“Virus”。 齐多夫定 (AZT) 突变株（mutant）：表现为宿主范围、 抗原成分、耐药性、毒力等性状改变。 温度敏感突变株（temperature sensitive mutant，ts）：高温下基因编码的蛋白或酶失去功能。 宿主范围突变株（host-range mutant, hr）：改变了对宿主细胞的吸附或相互作用。如： 狂犬疫苗。 耐药突变株 drug-resistant mutant ：病毒靶酶基因发生改变。如：HIV的AZT 变异株。 减毒突变株 Attenuated mutants milder (or no) symptoms Lost the pathogenesis, retain the antigenicity Potenti