胡壮麟第三章.pptVIP

Lexicon词汇 3.1 What is word? 3.1.1 Three senses of word 1) A physically definable unit 2) The common factor underlying a set of forms 3) A grammatical unit 3.1.2 Identification of words 1) stability 2) Relative uninterruptibility 3) A minimum free form 3.1.3 Classification of words 1) Variable and invariable words 2) Grammatical words and lexical words 3) closed-class words and open- class words word class I)Particles; ii)Auxiliaries; iii) Pro- form; iv) Determiners 3.2 The Formation of Word 3.2.1 Morpheme and Morphology 1) Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that can not be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. 2) Morphology is a branch of linguistics which studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed. 3.2.2 Types of morphemes 1) Free morpheme and bound morpheme Free morphemes are those which may constitute words by themselves. Bound morphemes are morphemes which can not occur alone and must appear with at least another morpheme. 2) Root, affix and stem A Root is the base form of a word that can not further be analyzed without total loss of identity. An Affix is the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme ( the root or stem).Affixes are limited in number in a language and are generally classified into three subtypes---prefix, suffix and infix. A Stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. 3) Inflectional Affix and Derivational Affix Inflectional affixes often only add a minute or delicate grammatical meaning to the stem, therefore serve to produce different forms of a single word; derivational affixes often change the lexical meaning. ?? Inflectional affixes do not change the word class of the word they attach to; whereas derivational affixes might or mig