内脏学-消化呼吸五年制.pptVIP

SPLANCHNOLOGY I Introduction 3. The characteristic of viscera in structure Developmental Anatomy of Respiratory System 4 weeks endoderm of foregut gives rise to lung bud Differentiates into epithelial lining of airways 6 months closed-tubes swell into alveoli of lungs Mucosa (mucous membrane –epithelial cells secrete enzymes and mucus) Submucosa (loose connective tissue – houses blood and lymph vessels) Muscularis (two layers of smooth muscle - for peristalsis) Serosa (serous membrane – secretes serous fluid to prevent sticking). (2)the parenchymatous organ -glandular tissue (epithelial substance) -connective tissue membrane covering the organ  -porta /hilum where vessels and nerve pass  through (in and out) digestive glands The Components of the Digestive System 2. The Pharynx (咽) ☆ General features A fibromuscular tube From base of skull to the inferior border of cricoid cartilage (C6 level) Three parts: ① Nasopharynx(鼻咽), ② Oropharynx (口咽), ③ Laryngopharynx (喉咽) From the base of skull to soft palate Tubal elevation咽鼓管圆枕 ① Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube 咽鼓管咽口 ② ,下鼻甲后端1－2CM ----小儿咽鼓管特点：短、宽、平，所以中耳炎多见。 Pharyngeal recess 咽隐窝 ③ -----鼻咽癌好发部位，距破裂孔约1CM，可经此颅内蔓延 Pharyngeal tonsil 咽扁桃体 Tubal tonsil 咽鼓管扁桃体 posterior to larynx from upper border of epiglottis to the level of lower border of C6 Piriform recess梨状隐窝－a deep depression on each side of aperture of larynx, common side for lodgement of foreign bodies (for example, fish bones) The air passage and food passage cross in the pharynx. Swallowing occurs in the pharynx and is a reflex action. During swallowing, the air passage is usually blocked off by the soft palate and uvula, and the trachea moves under the epiglottis to cover the glottis opening to the windpipe. C3-C6 vertebral levels Attached to hyoid Functions Speech Air pathway Thyroid cartilage 甲状软骨 Cricoid cartilage 环状软骨 Arytenoid cartilage 杓状软骨 Epiglottic cartilage 会厌