sementics 语言学导论课件培训讲解.pptVIP

This type of antonymy is typically seen in reciprocal social roles两两相对的社会角色, kinship relations,temporal and spatial relations. kinship relations: father/son temporal relations: before/after spatial relations: come/go, over/under There are always two sides with converse antonyms. He is a husband (wife). He is a child (parents/adult). He is a teacher (worker? doctor?/student). 5.3.3 Hyponymy inclusiveness A is included in / a kind of B. Cf.: chair and furniture, rose and flower Superordinate/ hyponym: the more general term Hyponym: the more specific term Co-hyponyms: members of the same class Animal Superordinate/ hyponym /co-hyponyms bird fish insect animal human animal tiger lion elephant ... Some questions The referential theory (see things before) Sense relations 5.4 Componential Analysis成分分析 Modern approaches to the study of meaning The meaning of word and sentence Unites smaller than the word meaning The meaning of a word is not an unanalysable whole and may be seen as a complex of different semantic features. Semantic units smaller than the meaning of a word: semantic components. HUMAN man (ADULT, MALE) semantic components woman (ADULT, FEMALE) girl (human, young, female) Combined semantic components Boy (-ADULT, MALE) girl (-ADULT, -MALE) Animal words Domestic animals English motion verbs father=PARENT (x, y) MALE (x) x is a parent of y, and x is male. son=CHILD (x, y) MALE (x) x is a child of y, and x is male. Verbs can be analyzed this way: take = CAUSE (x, (HAVE (x, y))) x causes x to have y. give = CAUSE (x, (-HAVE (x, y))) x causes x not to have y. Semantic components can be used in accounting for sense relations. Two words/expressions with the same semantic components: synonyms with each other E.g. bachelor and unmarried man Bachelor= HUMAN, ADULT, MALE, -MARRIED unmarried man= HUMAN, ADULT, MALE, -MARRIED Two words/expressions with contrasting semantic components