高考英语二轮（江苏专用）教师用书：第1部分 专题3 模式2　主旨大意题 Word版含解析.docVIP

模式2| 主旨大意题 (对应学生用书第45页) 确定标题 概括全文主题 概括段落大意 写作目的 标题是文章的题目，它不是主题，但限定主题的范围，可表达主题，是对主题的提炼和浓缩，表现形式多为短语，尤其是名词短语。 主题是文章的中心思想，是作者所要表达的中心意思，有的直接出现在文中，有的需通过综合全文的内容概括归纳得出。 段落大意是指段落的中心意思。文章常由多个段落组成，共同支撑全文主题，但每段又分述不同的意思，可通过归纳、演绎等方法概括得出。 作者写文章的目的有三个：to express ones feelings，attitude and ideas；to affect readers；to inform readers。可细分为to introduce，describe，explain，inform，analyze，express，convey，argue，encourage，praise，criticize，advocate等。 解 题 技 巧 1.细读文章或段落的首句、中间句和尾句，主题往往就在这些地方出现。 2．特别关注however，but等表示转折的信息词，主题很可能就在这类词的后面出现。 3．表示结论性的信息词如so，thus，therefore等后面通常会出现主题句。 4．对记叙文要会根据所述事件进行归纳概括，领会其寓意，总结出文章的主题。 5．标题是对主题句的高度概括，用词更少，简明扼要，有时会用形象化的语句。 [典例1](2016·江苏高考卷，B)Chimps(黑猩猩)will cooperate in certain ways，like gathering in war parties to protect their territory.But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings，they have little instinct(本能)to help one another.Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves.Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children，who are able from a young age to gather their own food. In the laboratory，chimps dont naturally share food either.If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or，with no greater effort，a plate that also provides food for a neighbor in the next cage，he will pull at random—he just doesnt care whether his neighbor gets fed or not.Chimps are truly selfish. Human children，on the other hand，are naturally cooperative.From the earliest ages，they desire to help others，to share information and to participate in achieving common goals.The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of experiments with very young children.He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door，almost all will immediately try to help. There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help，inform and share are not taught，but naturally possessed in young children.One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents h